![]() All spoken human languages together consist of about 163 sounds according to the International Phonetic Alphabet. Basic speech is a two-part process for us: vocal cords + mouth = speech. We manipulate that sound with our mouths to create phonemes, the building blocks of spoken language. Birds can use 100% of the air passing through their syrinx to create sound, whereas we use about two percent of the air passing through our larynx to vibrate two ligaments that create sound. Choosing the left or right side of the syrinx to produce a lower or higher-pitched sound.īirds and humans produce sound and speech in very different ways.Using syringeal muscles to change the tension and shape of the membranes and bronchial openings.Forcing air through fine tissues that stretch along the inner and outer walls of the syrinx.Vibrating the syrinx or pessulus, a delicate bar of cartilage found at the junction of the bronchial tubes and trachea.Depending on the species, this might involve: ![]() While singing ability and song role varies widely from species to species, a bird generally produces sound by modifying the air that flows through its syrinx. The syrinx can produce complex sounds, but does not appear large or complex. ![]() a1-a4: Cartilages of tracheosyringeal rings, a2-a4: Black arrows: Sternotracheal muscle, White arrows: Tracheolateral muscle, MTM: Membrana tympaniformis medialis, MTL: Membrana tympaniformis lateralis, P: Pessulus, (*): Ligamentum interbronchiale, RB: Right bronchiole, LB: Left bronchiole.
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